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FEBRUARY 1998
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in 1997, the parties shared physical custody of the children by
informal agreement, with Defendant mother having primary physical
custody. During that school year, the Plaintiff father enjoyed
physical custody on alternating weekends and one night during the
week. During the summer of 1997, the children resided primarily
with the Plaintiff father. with Defendant mother having physical
custody on alternating weekends and one evening during the week.
On July 21, 1997. Plaintiff father filed a complaint for
custody in the above-captioned matter. seeking shared legal and
shared physical custody of the children. Following a
conciliation conference on August 14, 1997. the parties entered
into an agreement which was incorporated into a Court Order on
August 19. 1997. The said Order provided that physical custody
would be shared between the parties on an alternating weekly
basis upon Plaintiff father'S relocation from Shippensburg to
Mechanicsburg. The parties commenced sharing custody on an
alternating week basis in September. 1997. Since November, 1997,
the parties have shared physical custody on a two-week
alternating basis, They have informally agreed upon the sharing
of various holidays,
On January 14. 1998. the Defendant mother filed a Petition
For Modificatlon Of Custody Order, averring that she was
intending to relocate to Kennett Square. Chester County.
Pennsylvanla. and n;>quest ing thill the Court grant her primary
custody of the c1uldnm. At ,\ conciliation conference held on
2
February 19, 199B, the parties agreed that the children should
remain in Mechanicsburg at a minimum through the duration of the
current school year, even if the Defendant mother relocates prior
to that time. The Defendant mother's Petition For Modification
Of Custody Order is presently before the Court.
II. ISSUES BEFORE THE COURT:
The parties have enjoyed equal shared physical custody of
their minor children since September, 1997. For the three month
period prior to that, the children were in the primary physical
custody of the Plaintiff father, They have resided in
Mechanicsburg, with the oldest child attending Mechanicsburg
School District, since the parties separated in August, 1996,
The Defendant mother now seeks to relocate to Kennett Square,
Chester County, and to relocate the children as well. The
Plaintiff father resides in Mechanicsburg, in close proximity to
Janell's school and current before- and after-school babysitter,
as well as the daycare center attended by the youngest child. He
has been actively involved with the children and their
activities, sharing these responsibilities with the Oefendant
mother on at least an equal basis, The Plaintiff father believes
that it is in the best interests of the children to remain in his
primary custody in Mechanicsburg if the mother relocates to
Chester County. which would minimize any disturbance in their
school attendance and schedules.
)
children, the Gruber test focuses that inquiry on the advantages
of a proposed move to the orimarv custodial family as a whole.
Defendant cannot rely on the analysis of the Gruber
relocation cases because there is no "primary. custodial family
in this case. Although the Defendant mother did enjoy primary
physical custody in the early stages of the parties' separation,
the Plaintiff father assumed primary custody for the entire
summer of 1997, Thereafter. the parties alternated weekly
periods of primary custody until November, 1997. Since that
time, the parties have shared custody of the children on a two-
week alternating basis. Because they have equally shared the
custody of and responsibility for the children, the Court must
examine the Defendant's request for primary custody and her
intention to relocate the children to Chester County in a very
different manner from the Gruber factors. In this case, it is
the basic best interests standard which must be used to determine
how the custodial arrangements should be modified if the
Defendant does relocate. Plaintiff submits that the interests of
the chlldren can best be servl."d by minimuing the disruption in
their lives. school attendance and "cttvities. Only by remaining
J
in the primary custody of their father in Mechanicsburg where
they are thriving can the interference with their lives be
minimized.
Even if the Gruber analysis were appropriate in this shared
custody case, the Defendant still cannot prevail. In order to
justify the relocation of the children, the Defendant must show
the following:
1. That the proposed move is likely to sianificantlv
improve the quality of life for her and the
children.
2. That the proposed move is not sought for whimsical
or vindictive reasons.
3, That there are realistic, substitute partial
custody arrangements which will adequately foster
an on-going relationship between the children and
the father left behind.
Gr~r v. Gruber, supra, Plaintiff will demonstrate that the
Defendant's proposed relocation will effel- no advantages to her
~
or the children, but will instead disrupt the children's
established school and daycare attendance, their routine, and
their social contacts. He will also show that the Defendant's
motives for relocation are capricious and not well-thought out.
Finally, given that the Plaintiff father has enjoyed equal
amounts of time with the children and equal amounts of
involvement in and responsibility for their care, school and
daycare attendance, and social activities, there is simply no
possible realistic substitute schedule of custody which will
afford the children an opportunity to continue this strong
relationship with their father. Since the oldest child is now in
school. with the youngest scheduled to begin kindergarten in the
fall. the availability of time for the Plaintiff to have partial
custody of the children would necessarily be limited to weekends
and school vacation periods. Throughout the majority of the
year. the Plaintiff's contacts would be limited to weekends.
which would include a significant amount of time for the children
in the car, traveling back and forth from Kennett Square, Such a
schedule cannot replace the alternatIng two-week periods of
primary custody and the active daily involvement he now enjO)'s
with the children.
~
Although not really a relocation case in the Gruber sense,
Plaintiff submits that this case is most akin to the cases of
Claooer v. Claooer, 396 Pa, Super. 49, 578 A.2d 17 (1990), White
v. White, supra., Merlino v. Basile, 32 Phila. 481 (1996)
(affirmed without opinion, ____ Pa, Super.
, 700 A.2d 1034
(1997)), and Alexander v. BerG, No. 627 Harrisburg 1996 (Pa.
Super., 10/31/97) (Superior Court and Dauphin County Court of
Common Pleas opinions attached). In those cases, orimarv
custodial parents were denied the right to relocate with the
children, because they could not demonstrate that the proposed
move would have significant advantages to themselves or the
children and because there were no reasonable alternate
arrangements for the maintenance of the relationship with the
non-custodial parents. In the Claooer case, the Court found that
the mother's desire to move from Somerset County to Connecticut
was to pursue employment as a registered nurse in a geographic
area where salaries were purportedly higher for such positions.
Noting that an increased cost of living would most likely offset
any increased earnings, the Court focused on the fact that th.
mother and children had no family or friends in Connecticut and
that the mother had not ~monstrated any substantial imp~nt
6
boyfriend. The mother in that case was unable to demonstrate
that the move afforded her with better employment or that it
placed her closer to a support system of family and friends.
Finally, the Court concluded that the relocation would greatly
interfere with the father's ability to maintain his active role
in his son's life, tremendously reducing the amount of time he
could spend with the child from the equal amount of time he had
previously enjoyed. The Superior Court affirmed without opinion
the trial court's award of primary physical custody to the father
when the mother refused to return to Philadelphia County.
Merlino v. Basile,
Pa. Super.____, 700 A.2d 1034 (1997).
Finally, Plaintiff directs the Court to the Dauphin County
case of Alexander v, BerQ, supra, In that case, the Superior
Court affirmed the denial by the Honorable Joseph H. Kleinfelter
of a request by the mother of two teen-aged children to relocate
to Pittsburgh, relying upon the ~well'reasoned and detailed
opinion" of the lower court. In that opinlon, Judge Kleinfelter
applied the Qruber analysis becaus~ the mother was the primary
custodt.tl p.trent. It 18 81gnific,lllt to note, however. tMt the
f.\ther lMintalned daUy contilct wah the children by transportlng
x
them to and from their home and their schools each day, as well
as enjoying an overnight visit each Wednesday night and custody
for two weekends each month. The parties also shared the major
holidays and the summer vacation period. Central to the Court's
denial of the mother's relocation request was the fact that her
reason for moving was to pursue a "whimsical" educational program
which would offer her no more significant employment
opportunities than she could find in the Harrisburg area. The
Court also noted the mother's failure to engage in even a modest
pursuit of employment commensurate with her education in the
Harrisburg area. Thus, the Court found that she had failed to
sustain her burden of showing that the move would improve
significantly her economic station. The Court also rejected the
mother's argument that a move to Pittsburgh would substantially
improve the children's educational and cultural development,
stating that the Pittsburgh area did not offer anything more than
a marginal improvement in the educational and cultural
opportunities available to the children in central Pennsylvania.
It was also determinative that the move would severely reduce the
amount of contact the fath~r could have with his children. with
the Court noting that even ___Itend vuuts _t1! likely to be
t)
difficult, given the probable desire of the children to
participate in weekend extra-curricular activities with their
friends. The Court also agreed with the father's observation
that custody on longer holidays and longer summer vacations did
not adequately substitute for the daily and weekly contact he had
been enjoying with the children. Weighing the disadvantages of
the move to the children's ability to maintain the close
relationship they enjoyed with their father against the minimal
advantages of the move to the children, the Court held that it
was in the best interests of the children to maintain the status
quo of residence in Dauphin County.
Plaintiff submits that the Defendant mother will also be
unable to demonstrate any substantial advantage to her or the
children in moving to Kennett Square. In fact, the move will be
shown to be motivated primarily by her desire to pursue a
relationship with her married boss, with whom she has been having
an lllicit affair for the past )-4 years, ThlS lS obvious by the
fact that she has made absolutely no effort to seek alternate
emploj-ment in thu area since learnlng that her company would
be moving its operations to Chester County, She lS preP-lred to
10
02/20/98 FRI 15: 11 FAX 717 238 4793
J. A29005/97 -3-
LAI! OFFICES
It is unquestioned lhat the parties married in April of
1980, separated in September of 1992, divorced !n September of
1995, and appellee remarried a few days following the divor~e.
Since the separation, the trial courl found that app~ll~nt h~~
been the primary physical custodian of the two children, Ted,
age sixteen 116), and Rachei, age twelve (12). Appellant ha~ A
Bachelors Degree as well a~ a Masler's Degre'! !n Internat!"".,l
Administration and has worked in a limited capacity outsid~ the
home during the parties' marriage. The record reflects th~t
appell'i'o;; is a private practice oncologist and that appel1an~ alld
the children Moved varIOUS tIme~ to accommodate h!s scho~llng
and career needs.
In evaluating the first prong of the Gruber test the trIal
court emphaSIzed appellant's financial status and her "whimsical
inclination" to study "archIval management" at the UnIverslty of
Pittsburgh. Trial court opinion at 10. In SUIT', the trilll ~'~"n
found that appellant's "move to Pittsburgh will not improve, or,
at best, only inSignificantly improve, her eeonomlC statIon,"
Id. Clearly, the trial court erred as to this prong of the
test. Cruber sp~cifically holds that "a court shall not 11~lt
itself sol~ly to enhanced pconomic opportunitles fo~ the
custodial parent but ~ust also assess other Possible benefits 01
the relocation," ~rub.r, 400 ra, Super. at Ie.. )'~ A.;d a~
43~, SP.cifically, the Grub'" toult ldentifhld such b1Pn.~lt l' fl"
1,'1111'.
. .-.--.- -_...._.-
02"20:08 FRI 1&: 11 FAX 717 238 4793
J, A29005/97 -4-
lAI! OFFICES
/1'Plll'1
returning to f~mily and friends, educational opportunities, or
an improved physical environment in w~ich to raise the chIldren,
Id. Mo~t Importantly, the court recognized that such benefits
were not an exhaustive l~st, but only some of the factors that
might apply in a given case, Cle~rly, Gruber stands for th~
proposition that "courts are not free to ignore or discount non'
economic factors which are lIkely to contribute to the well-
being and general happines~ of the custodIal p~rent and the
children." Id., 400 Pa. Super. at 185.
Many factors apply in appellant's deCIsion to relocat. tr
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, First, appellant is seeking to
enhance her ed~cat~onal background and skills so as to enatl~
her to obtain and establIsh a VIable career in tod~y'~
competitivp job market. Appellant '. denrf! to return to sehe':.l
IS drt ven by the fact that in the very n!!ar future she ....i II IIdV,,"
to ~upport herseH soh:l) as her alimony will t..rminar.. .1\]''''.
b~cause appellant worked only sporadically outSIde the ho~~
during her marrIed years. she needs to incr~a~p. her
marketabIlIty as soon as she Cdn as her aqe WIll s?cn bp a
dptri~nt in ObtaInIng II professional position.
As to the "whiMsica 1- nat Ule of IIpp<i!llant' s dpd 5 iOfl, t/",o,
r..cord ~li.~ th. trial court's hl'\<hng, ^pp",ll.~nt c(,n!\'t1t."j ,.
cal~.l counselor. and chose th. acad.~ic pur'ult 'h~t m~t.~r'
her prtvic\ol~ "ducatlcn and "'?li!. t.ptntnc'" liS .....11 .~ affNdl'q
02'20:9S FRI 15:11 FAX 717 238 4793
LAW OFFICES
!,'Ill.'"
J. A29005/97 -5-
her th~ opportunity to obtain her degree as soon as passlble.
Appellant made an exhaustive search of approprl..tp cOllpgps "'''l
universities, first In the Harrisburg area, and then tho~p
within driving distance of her home, some two(2) to two and """-
half (2-1/21 hours away one-way, seeking the sUlt..ble progrdlltS
and curriculum for her educational needs. As none of thosp.
institutions were appropriate for appellant's specific ne~d~.
she had to widen her search. Appellant found two universiti~~
that met her educational needs, one in FOston and the other In
Pltt~burgh. Appellant chose Fittsburgh for two rPIlSOllS: 1.) it
is within easy access to Harrisburg, which will enable the
children to see their father regularly; and, 2, I she had II~.~
in Pittsburgh previousl~', as II chdd and for some time with
appellee Whllp hI' was a fellow In oncology llt th'i! UnIVerSlt', <::f
rittsburqh. Thu~, llPPllllant has family and fuend~ in th.. "':"a.
Clearly, such a diligent and tediOUS process of cheoslng ~
school does not lend itself to the nation that appellant m~dr a
"whimsical" decision.
furth~r. appellant consldered her chIldren's educatlcnal
need~ as ..ell all the social and cultural @IlVlIonrellt of
Pittsburgh. Appellant's children -ere accepted to a ~Q!t
respectabl~ ptivate coll"~e preparatcry lIchool, Wlnche~tel
Thurston, which WOUld prOVIde the needed sti~ulu~ f~r h~r
<lC<l1_1C411y 'lifted childu''l, tv..n th"uUh th.. trul C-Olft . -""".1
+___.H_...n......
~73008
Pennsylvania Divorce and
Domestic Relations Reporter"
For .11 or lhe rlllesoinl re..o... this Court properly dclelloined
the nellncome. or lhe p.rdes .nd co"""ly .pplled Ihe .upport sulde.
line. In e.lculalins child sUP(l<lf1 Thl. deci.lon .hould he AI'FIRMEIl.
1 The nel Income 0' the rart1e. ....as Innounced In lhe February 2.. 1996
O,dtr 11. munthly n,ure. EII:h Ytcekly n,ure .ho....n lhove has heen ulculllled
lly dhldinl the munlhly fllUfe h)' 4 ]'H Ind roundin'lo lhe nure.l dnllar
I lhe child 1Uppon. alimony pr"Jtn" Ii'" IIkI InunJt paymenll were
lIIdCltd 11 "cd.!)' amount'; each monthly "'Uf't hll b<<n calculated by mult).
r1yinJ the ....rckly fi,ure hy 4)J] Ind roundin,lhe monthly amount.
I ^rrc1hanr, 1099 III runn. for 199] show Ihll he hid oulside inrotM or
S9 Jl 00 'rom lhe Univtfsll)' 0' fl.ytun. $600 00 ftom Sacred Ilcart Untvnsit)'.
SI.~(l)I.1 frum "thllh tlnh.enity. S5.Me 00 from lhe Unhenit)' of Northern
('olllu;oo. $4.914 (llflomRlnnSdenllnc.lnc . and $1.60:100 ftom'he('~mi-
tal M:ulufacluren Associ.don
. The .eeUy amount ..at ulc:ulared by dMdinlw lotIllS or l)eamht,
IS. 1995 b)' IiR)'. lin,,-e tbere ..cre ''''0 'Weeks remalnlnl ia the I99S calcftdar
Y'U
, Monthly ftfl tonwltin. income _II arrivcd at b)' dividinlW 101.1I net
cOI'l1ullln, incomt II al Au,ull I. I99S by St:YftI months,
. On Sc-pl~mber 2..1996. this Court c:onected. flllmll mor In the Supeme
('ourt Otde, b, Ilafl..lblllhe dfecthe dole.. Jone IS. 1991.lhe _ _11ee
",quelled a heuin.....upfl<l'1 P. R App P. Rule 170IlbMI). 42 pa CS A;
Fir!' P~flllt,I~'dftiilIJCPd ... NGdoIuJI Uflimr Flt'IllI' CC'. 191 ,. Super 61 J.
5Rn A 2d 799 (1990) 1Md".entlY.lhe Suppan Otde,.onuloed ."poanphl
tal elTOl' thai stJ,lrd the erfcdivt date It June'. 1m Inllrlll of June 1'.I99S
,t7JOOt
AUll-'NDER .. BERG
Dluphln County Court oC Common I'lc..
RoI..... R. AI...ad.. .. M.rtIsa L ....
NO 401 S 1996; 116 Dluph Co Rep. 459
No..mbcr 26. 1996
Belore Kleinfelter. I
AI..... r>J C..~ twno. eM.,. r>J
OT_MtI, .......-
SUMMARY
1 he l>auplilit COlUlly court ........ t1ltludy of Iho partit1' <.~n
tu mother. but .....le1I.... IIqWII to ..""'.... MdIhn hrilially ollje<kot
kJ .... ('own pruIIibltioe ..alall qut1IloAi.. of Iho chlhha in camtf.
by Iho 1'1I1ie.' eOllowl WlIile Iho Cowl -.t Iho S....... Coort
1'ft....1I<t I", ..ami...loa and "..KTlpioot of ..... ..c........ Iho
{'INrI heW N. inll, ..~. -" ..._ otnri to 0><<'.......
"'" .hild _ dIaa ......1\I1ho COIIlt TIlt ('0IIlt aho 1I<lI!4.... .....
,lioN no nbjf<1ioa to tit ~ .... IIIaI .... -una .."" ....
,h,ldRft <lid ....lmpkl.. 1M 1\aoI...... TIlt c_ ..ftIS "" to ,"",
lht ,;... OlIIIyli. ..It, ..,111I ... ..""'_ """"'" "0 ..r_
....... and........ -.I", _,. I. rkt oM........ to..., """ pa1
'-'mr\<>,- ~'s...tlft..,....ft"'","""","'".'I'''''''''
h to..l ..'" '" ...",d .......... "....... ft......... ... h....... ._ft
57.'1.01
field Since the mll'e wuuld nul necessarily Impruve Ihe economic
.lIu.,lon ul the children. Ihe firsl prons or Grub" was nul mel.
Secondly. mlllher railed III prove ,h.,lhe move would .ignmcanlly
Improve the child.cn's cultural meducI,iunal development. since they
were: .lready .uending rrivate Ichuollnd were close to sever.IIMlt
ellie! wllh lood cullural rClou,ctl. A_luch, the Coun detrnnlncd thai
the prime motivation for movlo, was mother', self-interest. Finally,me
Court concluded that time spenl ""ilh f.ther would be seriously im.
pacted by lhe "1O\'C. since I lOund trip commule ....ould lake stven
hours. Since "nllhe,', reasons were nol compelling. nor did lhey
Improve the children', devc:lupmenl. her request to reh.cate WI'
denied
ArrE^R^NCES:
E'(l<lSit<l. raull . r... plaiotill
Connelly. Juhn I. . Cor deleodan.
Opinion
KI.EINFEI.TFR. I .
1111. m.lle, c.me belore .... rourt on . Compl.iollor Custody
filed by Ruland R. Aln..des. MD. (heltinaCre, "Dr. Alea..""")
..ain.1 bit Cormer wiCe. MarIh. I.. Bera (.....lnaCtcr "M.. Ber.")
CUIH.'ffl1inl Iwochildren born of.... mani.... Theodore ("Ted"). born
lune II. 1981. .nd Rachel bum April 21. 1915 Punuanl 10 1oc.1
rule . ro'lody coodliation eonl...nc. .... sch.duled I... Marc' S.
1996. .nd .. i.!<rim order .... ...."'d by thi. court on March 13.
1996 Thereafter hew IS ..er. held on June II. 1996 .nd luly I.
1996 Our final cu.tody order .... .nleltd July 16. 1996
On AU'UIl I. I9%. M.. Berl filed. Notice 01 AppullO Superior
Court. On A,au" 6. I9%. w. dim:scd delendant 10 file . concise
stalement of m.llers complained 01011 appeal and set . brielinl schod
ule TIlt st......nt "0 filed on AUlust 20. 1996. and bulh .ide. ha..
filed ""'ir memorandums of I...
AIthou,. this court denied Dr Ale..ndes', requnt lor primary
plty.lcal custody and continued lame ..hh M. 1Ier.. out eu..ody
...... dlm:l.d "thaI Mothtr .h.11 "lain'" ...ide... I. "'" ......r
IIllrisbur. ...." II is tht IBter condilloa th.1 M. llerl <h.'len...
on appeal. Additloa.ny. ...c1.lms ..lulation olr. R C r 1915 IItb)
...kh p""ide. .... f"O'Cdure 10 he CoJlo..ed ..he. tht ....... ...." '0
iaWro,... . cMd W. ..i\llllIdreu tht I...... ,.... Ii..s
TIlt I.", .--emlftl court inlmo.ation of. "uld it 001 ift dIspute
r. R C r 19U1llblp""ide.
TIlt "*' ...y .tItfflos.re . cMtI. .. hethtt Of 00l "'"
..bjet. ollho acllotl '" ...... ....... Of in c...... TIlt
iaWr",1Iiun thaII he conduc:ttd lor .... ...._. oC "'"
11I_,. and. il f'trI1'iIied by 1M ~ tht........ The
_'s thaII ha.. .... """ ... i......."'.. Iho child
....... tht .u\,<,nisioo of tht....... TIlt -..- thaII
... pa1 uI "'" It<U'd
flli. ",Ie ""......lhe ,.....'t1Iwt ......... by - SIp<nnr t......
$H, f'. ~(; . n..... t:. 114 '" s..,.. M U6 A ,. 'H
('''11111 I'(l(lRll 2Il1ll.1._-.<tItli...., IH' I.. u. r.
s... .". H~ A J<I '16' 11'111 tlli.......Hurt _' Iho .....
_Tot tl..... of Iho f'I"lC. and ,...""," . ........ ,... ,...,.,... '"
"'''.-
At"'" "'*_ '" 1M ._.., iO ""'....- l.W.... "....1
...,-,,-,
){l1I 30
Cl t"'lAP Publlcallon&. .. r'IJhlt ._..s
rC(c_tliO_"ll,'1 sn
4c7!>c'll1
Pennsylvania Divorce and
Domestic Relations Reporter"
TilE COURT: A.lar.. my .pe.king with Ihe children,
I will tell Y"U my preference, .nd if..n Y"U willlell me
whl' you want In do.
My preference Is 10 .pe.k with ..ch one of them '.p.~
ralely and Ilone. lIowntr, you should know thai you
h... Ihe righl 10 he pre..nl durinl my queslloninl .nd
even 10 hlVt any queslionln, t,an,crihtd if you wanlto
do It that WI)', l..el n.e hear In)' objeclionl lu my WIY,
MR. CONNEI.LY, C.n YOII lUll al.. me. minute III
talk In my rlienllboullhh. Your lIuno.1
TilE COURT: Yes~
(I'.u...)
MR CONNEU.Y: Your 1I0nor, my client h.. no oh~
lectlon 10 th.t pmceduro. lie .sked th.t .Inc. I h..e ....1
the childreo, 1 could .1 k..tlntraduce them. 1 Wnk r.ul
hu ....1 them 10. I.ic)
TIlE ruURT: Ccrt.loly,1 would like you 10 Introduce
lhem.
TilE ruURT: Mr E'pcHil01
MR ESPOSITO: We h... 00 objection 10 the Court's
proc.dure
TilE ruURT: All ri&hl then. We willll.nd in me..
II doesn'l matler which ooe I talk 10 rorll Either one of
them you would like 10 brl.. hack.
(Rccc.. )
(NT B.1~, B.7S) ,
II h.s been our "f'Cricnce In \he """ th.1 dirt<t IOd <TOil
...mln.tlon 01 children hef..... . Judae and court repor1er......n In
chamhen ~'<IC.tes . .cry Inlimidalinl .tmosphere: ill. rarely condu~
d.. to ..y .....nlnlf.lloctnodln. The tr.uma 10 henenl r.tio .Imply
doe. not. II our ..perionco, joJlify 10 ad..narial ..amlllllion For
thl. re."", ..., .",.Uy du nolln.iI. "'" Iltmo..tklll 01. child wilne..
by COWl..1 cor \he coun
N..erthele.., w. heUt.. It henelklal thar the rourt .....1 \he
childr.. .hich 1ft \he ",hject nf \he "'''''''' It'hildr.. arc ..c1l1dcd
'rom tht courtroom thIrin. \he ....llmeY 01 thtir ",,",nl' and _n)
!lurin. "'" .....Ii.. we ..p1aln to \he childree tht ..... of \he covr1
'" m.kin, . ..-" docl.1corI and .... ._. .....- ... h... W.
"plain thaluy doclilon ... ..... it arri...t 1\ v..ltll thtlt hell iftlfleSl.
In mind W. will IJ\ tho... fcor thtlr prtfcmlce .Ithout P<""'" thtir
an.....s Tho...1ft "perinn, fl,rel7 ._ n.. mi...... i111ta&1h. I.
... .....ilnod to .lieil r.ct. '"" to lI"'w \he judae IIIll chlloft. 10
....,- briclly ac'l"aitItN
T'" actklll lilt. by .... c"*' ill eN, ealt lol",...<4 Ihe .......
r-..o T'" ...Ill_ doc._ _hcd Ie _ ..... ..... lid ioINctICri
b, _ brlcl....lina, 'Ii1Il....~.. _ Wit Ill' ......up......
~y k... "-11} \Q1hat rei.,... to .. ....., \IomoalIlhe no tile "",,,...
10\11_7 11m. .......tt1.... .'""-t, alItr......mn.a..iIh Mt ehnl.
.ai...t"'r ""'10 he ...._IIIllIo.............. aIltt heia......oII
,.n, ad.,..... nt Ihe.. ri...., h.... anIy &fin ............ .... tk10cd thai
.,... <""""I (1_..... ..ltlI ""'....., ""lW""" "It.u-,' of
.i?~c'91
1)87300&
the chilmeR,' Such a leque~1 ON" unlhnely Ind, ulUkr aUlhe circum.
slllnces of Ihis case, Ina(lprn(lriale,1
We luro null' II) the principle hsu. r.i..d hy Ms lIerg I)n .ppe.l:
!lId the court .bul. III dlmellon In condillonln. iu .ward nf primary
cUSlody 10 mother by IImillna her r.lidence 10 the lre.ler lI.rri.hur.
area .nd lher.by d.fe., h.r Inlend.d relocation 10 rillsburah.
In In uhau11ive and I",l,hlrul npinlon by Judlc Deck, our Supe-
rior Coun has outlined the (,CIOU "hkh . lrial coun mu,. consider
In we1lhlnllhe cnmpclinalnlercsll inherent in In)' "relncalion" CI'C;
nUl. the coun mU'1 auen the pOlenlial ad".nlaaes uf
lhe proposed move and the hkehht)(ld thai the movt'
would '5Ubsl8nlilllly improve the qUllil)' or liCe (or the
custndial parenl and lhe children Ind il nol Lhe rCluh of
. momentary ",him un the part of the CUSlooi11 pllfent
NUl,lhe toun musl C'slablish lhe inle,rilY of the motivel
01 both the custodial .nd oon cuSludial poreot in either
seeUna the move or stel.in. 10 pre\'cnt it.
finllly. the court nlusl consider the IvailabililY of realis.
lie, lubsthule "isltation lITanaemeats ..lUch _ill Ide.
qu.tely rOSler an onaoln. rel.tionshlp bc:lWcen the child
Ind the non custodial parrot
G,.Iv, ,. G,ob.,. 400 P. Soper IH, 184~, 583 A 2d 4H. 419
(1990) 190 rl>llRR 20141 (Trial court'. order denyln, roloc.'ion
reversed),
(;,..br, hit been folJo'Aed in 1'1OM'fPUIIt v. rlo..,IfUJII. 409 r.
Super. I~l, 597 A.2d 701 (1991) )91 PI>I>RR 2045); U,. T(WI,in,.
406 Pi. Super 481, 59~ A2d 72~ (1991) 191 PODRR lOlli, 1111/"
,. 1111/". ~J1 r. Supet 4~6, 650 A 2d 110 1199411~ P1IDRR 2041);
VI...ll.. "w.lI. ~.___. r. Sapet. ~_.__, 615 A~2d 722 (1996\ r96
rIlORR2020).ndGancOJ" S,A.I'L _~__ r. Supet ~__, ~~~_
A 2d (1996\196 rllORR 2036)
As mighl he imalincd, .ach of the.. casc. is ..ry lacl .petlflC
10 that .oy arplic.1io1l of tht l;NIN' Standards muSl he.'" .ith .
,..lew of tht retenftl foct. The rcconJ ..tabll.he. thaI. at .he lime
of \he hearitt.., .ach f'IrI7 .... C7 YUrt 01 .1". Tho plf'li<s mel in
Art..... iD 1979' .he. III Aluaodcr was erorolicd I. the lllli...r",y
or Arl""", Medical Sehoul from .hich he ... padu.ttd i. 1919
Tile """Ie. rno..d 10 Ithodt loland lor Or Ale........... infm,shir.nd
re.idency Tho f'I'Ii<. ..re marricd ... AI".1 5, 1910 Tiley ."...d
10 S""".fIeld. ...........,,".1. 1981 for Or Aleaaodct.. thitd y."
oh..idctoc, and.I.I~, _'<<110 Pilltbur.h .~,at tht l'el...""y
of 1'It"",,,,h. Or Ale......... ... . Fc","* '" llIl<llluay Tile """1CS
nell o......! '" lIarri...... ...heR. ... Ami I. 1916, Or AI.........
he,... bit tq>k'Jme.1 .. . ,,"'." """:I"" -";11 "t the Ii....
- T.d WII .1_ n.e ,.ars old aod d....h... R........ .... y<l ....
,.ar '''.1'' iN T A'9 6J)
Allor _.. . how.. k. . \''', tlle r-. ........... ..... ..... II
..~ 0. AI......... .""hI .....Id h" CI''''' ..... _. the. "'_
Tho f'II1itt \'U'<h_d. ht_ .. n...... (.....~ Velie, ..Iio-ft t.t. 1Ict.
and...,.....'"....,,"", IN T "f04 Ml Tho,........""....,,""
Stl'lfmhell. 1t91111ll...... 1Ii"",'<<I.. ~flIt.. 1\.. .t I"'"
Or AI......... rcllllm<tl... .mhr. Il I"'" IN T ., tliIl
tol, 1Ict....,. h,tr:"'''''' i ....... ""... Sl!tIlIl o.lIeae \tl ,"",II<
........... U.....-a.............. _..... ........10 l_eI "........
C 11l91lnp P\Hoc.llIlClnI, .. fi9hl. 'eMNttd
CCCI'lOlljrtO _l~,l' ~
lUll JI
iJg73000
Pennsylvania Divorce and
Domestic Relations Reporter"
lIalioD hum nnltlchufO, Vetmont (lurln, lhe nHunlKe Ml Oerg WI!
nol employed oUldde lhe hlllne (N T. A 65 66) (N.T. 0 1, 21) It
.... her pl.n 10 coollnue .s . fullUm< hool<m.ker until R.chel ..IS
In the nntlfade, At thai time. she inlendcd 10 develop mher internts,
prilllarlly hlsllllk.1 research (NT. A.186) In the Inlerinl, M. Oelg
hl1 rtrrum.ed volunlter ...Ofk It SI Skphen'. School tn . pll1llme
ltal'hln, capacity and Mcn actin on .helr bc.wd or direclCln. and
c.:unkulunl dcvclupmcnl cmnmiucc, (N.T. A.bti), She .h,o took a
l'llunc I' rrnn Slale v.hld. invol...ed dolnl I research paper II lhe
{'ulllbe,l.nd ('ounly lli>llllic.1 Sodely. IN T B 9)
Since lbe parlie.' separ.lioo In September 011992, primary phy.1
ClI cUJlooy hll remained 'kith MI. Bef.. Or, Alcundet hIt provided
d.i1y u.n'(l<lf1.lioo from lhelr home In Flshlol C..ek V.lley 10 lbe
",Ivote schools In ..hich uch child Is enrolled, Ie. SI. Stepheo'. flu
Rachcl.nd lIanlshull Addemy for Ted. Addilioo.lly, Dr. Aleunder
pick. up lhe children .n.. schoul e.ch Wednesday .nd they >l.y ..ilh
him o.emilhl. F..her .110 h.. phy.lcal custody of lhe children on the
finl and third weekend or each month. The parties shared the major
holld.y. .nd the .ummer "c.,ioo period No form.1 ",der hid been
entered prio, '0 ours 01 luly 15, 1996. (N T. A 617)) Although the
childleo particularly Rachel. hid lhe usu.1 e"",.looalldju.tmcnll
In make to lhclr parents' ..paralion, both are doinl ~tll now. (N T.
A 158, 176)
Wt lurn now In lhr flut pmn, or GrwM'. i e_, .bether the
p,,,,,,,,ed 10"" will .ilnirtnnlly Impro.e the lenerol qu.hly ullile
Itu lhe parcol .nd lite children When .sked ..h, she con.idered .
move '0 Nnsbu'lh, M. Serluplaioed lhat .he needed to think .IMn"
m.bnl.livinl for henelf and WI.he _Id he...r" lrom retr.ininl
She had done Iteelance hi.torical ""'11th .nd "Ished 10 punue .
urce,ln arthlv.llltln.aement eN T 19219]} She further e.pl.ined.
I'm ..oil, looI:ina f."..ard to . clown to enl... my
intellect I. . ehallenlint academic pro""" and 10 look
lor ch.llenlinl work r_tnl that I h... IKll round
''I'(l<","nilles 10 do that here; 10 punue lndu... stud;".
here IN T 199)
Wilen questioned's to her Onlll(lal need It . ..._ \tl tt"'"' to IChoo~
.nd ""'"' rill lime etIIJlloJment IN T. 8 ]Jl Ms R"I allowed that
bet In..nded r..ld ...s "ttol.lucsttl.. ....Itloa. and mla'" p') H...ccn
SI5.om...d norm (N 1 II ]4)
I'retentl,. Or Aleund.. provide. sum per molIth of child
'"1'1''''' .nd .limony lH .limon) ..ill fII4 In 1999. Io...ev... lite
,hild SUM'" ISI.200per _) ..iliu1tlllnue I. 1dd1tlo1l.11r Ale.
..."", r',' "".... ..."''''' IUIl_ .. f.lllo. .adl chrld (N 1 S ]41
Ue ah,n r.~' rUf tnlhhuJ \n'UfMC-t rNt ". fit f'JWttWI "'W oo\tfled
tot ''''UflOCP Al ",art nf tht ....~Itff ttftW1nrM. Pdt Brt' tetthtd
",.11 S 11.1.0110 in .....h, . "".!Ill _ '-l .n IRA ..-
II 'lllO) and lite mllllal ..... ..hil.1I .... . ... equll) of .....Iy
""'\In) 11r Ale......... al", .1lIh1is1w4 . In..1 ,...... of SIO.1lI1
Hlln1e"h f,. lIteludliW... iN f 8 14~' A.,."olIte'.......
'h lIN" ....l.t<! .. __. of U~.IlI' f_ ,... 1&" ..hlth
t.""fl..l.'l3tN~ SMIheo........ ~~"'Iif1't''',.
"'''''''' 6'1tt "IT' '" I....t .. ..._ ",","yl._ Iot\ ....... ~, ....
""""" IN I III H'
I,,,,,, lhe f~. It It __ dIrIl N. .... It ~lIy
. ,II 011 II f .... n... ...._ .. ..,. ""'J ... ........ ,.n -
."'f"',....... f'll.... '1\.1111... ''''.I1Ill,..,.. rtml1tIy .-
..~ Nt ,.... tdu<ati<wl ..,,,,1.1 t.t It>lt ~t n..I """!o,..........
\t....."""',_...........,........ f\flltl__..........._
Irainlng were ncrenary, we cannnl believe Ihallhe diversity or collclc
and university oUedogs In the Ilanisbur.area would not be adequate
10 .rrord M. Bera Ihe opportunity 10 come up 10 speed. While we
wuuld not challen,e h.. oploion thai II.. Unl.erslty of Pinsburgh
orre'll the nearest tllinio,ln ".fchl\lll man_acrnent." il leems 10 ,,,
th.1 the ..Ieclluo 01 thl. hl,hly .""d.llzed neld by M.. Ber.ls diclaltd
hy . ",hlm!!cal Inclinalion ramer Ihan hy Reccnl1)', Thh Is nnl 10
SUllcst Ihat Ms RCf. should nul be rree 10 indulac any Icademic
rursuil or her chonsinl .her her children lie in collcae Rul lhe leSI
In Ot"b,r and hs rrnlcny is tha' the move "'ill ".ilnificlnlly" Of
"Iubstanlllllf' Improve her economic tilualion, On lhe testimony
('rescoled, we: are convinced Ihl' the move to rillsbuflh will nne
Improve, or," bell, only insignificantly Impruve, htrtcannmlc Ilaliun.
In conlraJl, in c;tl4b,.r, SI4P'a, mother's Ii\.inaanln.cmcnn were
.boullU ..pire She had hule hope 01 hecoming seU"up(l<lf1inl, .nd
her brother and his wife pron1ised rinancial sU(I(lort in Illinois. In '.ll',
Jllpra, the move 10 WI1hinlton Inured lhal muther would mon from
Vo'elfare and public housina to . 100lJ job Ind her o\\'n home In
rlowmn", supra. molher moved 10 Maryland for beller ursxmuni!iel
in her chosen profession In "i"td:i. JHpra, the move to Tenncnee
_I' pl'omptcd by . IXSirc 10 ICl\'e I "uk locII economy for nne
with men growth orportunily And mosl ,eccDdy In GdlteD'. SUpta,
owth.... ..cood husband hid . load permaneol job io Ne.. J....y
We find Ms, Bcrl"qunl fur self-impro\-emenl in I new occupa
lional .kill Is c1....ly 0.10 10 lhe sllu.tion pretcnted ;0 C/drpfr .
C/lII'I"r, 396 P.. Saper. 49, 518 A.2d 11119901190 PODRR 2C}111
Ai lhe towt obser\ted:
While ..e nnlKlllault Mn ClJflllCr for nntina tu HUe.
h<r life, .he ....y be accomplishinl It<r aOlI. ., the ...
reo'" of lite childoen The etrecl or lhe move ..wid It<
lit uproot Jtstica and Jon frnm familiar and cUIIltni.1
lunoundill" and 10 remo\'e lhem horn lheir fMhct, .. ho
up 10 .hil ,"nt has n.llnlaiMd . steady and frequent
.rllllonship "ith his children
IJ, ]96 ra Super .. 55, 518 A Id II 20
SlmUllly,ln Whitt' \4"hitt. 431 P. S 446,650 AId 110 (1994)
(94 rvDRR 2C}1]I, the court lKIIed WI mother hid .... Y" secu..d
e"",loymeat In r.lif()ftli. and hid I.iled 10 .llre.,;..I, ""roue .10
ploy_at """lOClIIW'" ..itlt bet erluclllt", i. <<III all plnees' lhe
PllIsbur,h.u Instllllly. ~h Serl h..lailed to de_bllt no.
.....sell punuit 01 e""'loy.....t commensura.. ..illt .... educ_ In
lhe "..i_a .u
W. I""'..... 10 M. Bera'. cont..lion thai lite _....ill be...fll
lite d..ldo.. ~y alTooI"'alhem .u...... ...de",ic and ..ustic "f'l'Mu
nill<. iN f 189 Illtt' It i. '''''''f'USed that........ chikIRa are academ.
tiny aiilN and do ,.., ~lIla tdluc~ IN I .It 119, n 11 19\ B,.h
are tnrnIled in ..cell<m "".... 11:",,,1. I. ".""""1 AIIho.lh Ms
Berl40u nut beline bet ,Mdr.. ..... C1llttnlly deprl.... hy "v "'I I.
ohe lIanl\bwl IftL .... Inb thai lheir ....vl..S r,".I~ H tt-.lr1....,
..,....rtd~) Itvi"l ..... I'lIltbuflh... "'am... 1'..... .... and
.~..hf ans ..here IIltbet .. ..-"""'~
f_:t ..aut -.e arr Ik't l'f1~ tMt dw "'~ tnt'\f "'-111
'_IIII.ally' ... .......tIIt""",.. """"'.. lht ,"'".... """'....>Ml
... ,._..aI .m........ 1II'11t1e lite ,'u, '" ....t"""h ................,
"""",, . ........ 'If"'" of ~."'" 01 .",.10"'" .....a1 ..........~ _ ......
I~I. lhe 'I(l<lal ,.) .... It .....111) . nu'..al .._1Itld lilt
1""_ ............. ........~ ..... ._ -""... ",,, _. and "" ....
...n..." ~~".. ."....~fttt""...1 ,,~1...." 'l'lttm*t"- tw ~k """
)HI J2
---.-.-----......-
"7~'!H
e 199' I Rr PI.tlIcallael.. aU ''91'11 ....O\'9d
{'fr.i.~t'~'lC '~~~"t11~1~ ~1
"
Pennsylvania Divorce and
Domestic Relations Reporter"
1)973009
est!. (Ir 3n II and I S year old ^ move to f'ituhurgh could only
nldlginally Improve Ihe "alu. quo In these II.... Be.ide., lIanlsburJ
h more centrally IOCllcd 10 even Iretter cultural (cntcrI.-New York,
Phlladelphl., O.hlmnre.
W. cnnclude our .n.ly.ls 00 lhe Inu. 01 sub.,.nU.llmprov....nt
In the qualily 01 Iile lur lhe children by revi.wlna Ihe opinion. of Ihe
upert wilncsses In Ihi. ca.e. Or. Arnold T. Schienvold, lhe clinical
ps)'cholollst rtrained 10 do . custody evalualion concluded thlt ,.11
B.ra .hould r.m.in In lhe role 01 primary care Jiv.r (NT. A 8) .nd
Ihallhe children .hould not he seplI.led (NT. A.Il). lie opined Ih.t
the "id.alls 10 have the lIniversily 01 Pill.burah move to IIanl.bura
and Marth. getlh. type 01 proaram she oeed. h.r. .nd then lher.'s
001. m.jor chan8e In the routines 01 the children." (N T. A.16) Or
Shl.nvold h.d "no doublth.t Ms. B.ra's deci.ion to ao to Pill.burah
i. .imed ., promotina h.r own arawth and development" (NT. A.
II) Pullina her InlereSlS ..Ide, h. w.s constrained 10 .lr.e th.t the
Ideal lor the children would he lor them to ".y in their prcs.nt
siluaUon (N.T. A.16).
Both Ted .nd Rach.llold Or. Shl.nvold thaI their first p",ferenc.
would be 10 "ay 10 IIanl.burJ .nd leep Ibing. ju" .. they II..
(NT. A.18). Or. Su..n Thom.ley,. p.ychl.tri'lto wbum Rachel w..
",IelT.d for ev.'uatioo, opined thai Rachel de.ir.d the comllll1 of the
saJ11e people around her and the same tmoundingl she was uwd Iu
Althouah Or. Thorn.ley believed Rachel would cope with the proposed
chaog., il ..ould oot be ..ilhout dlfficuhy. "Sbe "ill believes 1b.1 in
.n ide.1 world.he would lik. to .lay in IIanl.burJ, but &he'. reconciled
10 the idea 01 JolnJ to Pill.burah." (NT. A.I60) !Jr. Thom.lcy .100
believed Ihll Rachel had. hi,h eomfor1level..ith bet prescnl therapist
(NTA.m)
C...s since GroHr, ..hile acl"""lcdaiol the refinement. devel.
oped in thlt case, remind ns that luch refinements "do nul crelle .
.... ..andord and . . . the poIeltar of our .lIIly.is . . . remains the be"
in....". of cbild ..." Lt. . F_. JI'l'rlJ, 406 PI Super. .14g9,
~94 A 2d .. 726
In e.Cf}' ",Ioc.tion dl.po..,the court mull con.ider the lollo"in&
tntcR"I!
I f!he custodial parent's de.;,. 10 ..mise IUlonomy 0...,
the bt.ic decl.ion. that ..m dilectly .rret' hi. or he,
life .nd chat of the children; . child'. .lrOttl Int..... i.
maintalalnl and dtvdoplnl . mc.olnlM ..I..ionship
..ith the .... e...odiaJ pamII; the Int...... of lbe non.
cu.lodiaJ partIIl hi shn, I. the 10.. and ..arinl 01
his lU bet cIoildml; IIMl finally, the .IIlt's llIlaUl I.
f'lOIr<ti.. the be.. I_..s of IIle .hi","cn
0--., IS~p Op ra ~) 1cilinl 11-" and G....,
When ..c rootidet in tombillllloe the oploloM of Iht ..pert.. Iht
dttim of IIle cIIiIcft., ....1Ile Ilmi.... ""'lIloaal be..rltJ Itleodlft, .
m,"~ to l'itttburah. ~ art unahlc ... '" Iht 1l1lllflclnl or lUhotanrial
loll!'.......... ~fcmd... ill o..Jwr The bo.. i_I of Ihr ,~
... .."ed by _.... Ihr ..... .....
W. I,,", "".. to the ......... ....... '" c;,..",., ...... _...., ,,/
Ihr -,... '" ""'" the c.llUdial ..... _....1dloI ....... in t_
........ the ...... or -Una 10 "".... II . (;,_. ~1I1'. S.,....
It 1ft I.,. nll\ 2~ .. 41<1 111I. IN ... -"'\11) 111 .....n "" .....
""'.. "IdtnuJll 1-- .,letaWrt .....chat M. IIftfs r-"'" _'.
O! ............ h "'*_. _..... .... ..,.._ ..., _.."
..t Ji;l ~lf ~ tJU, It . u:llItaJ ,...... .. "" ...,., h) "'h.... .",
....d hel<filf.... .f.. <tI\1!fIt4 chat .... it ........,u, _...... .,
. "'Yll 1
he' O\\'n selr Inlcrest Shoillrly, we are s:uldied (hall>r, Aleundcr's
mOli...e in oppmil1llhe move Is based wlcl)' on his desire 10 relain
time conllcl ~i1h his children
We then lum 10 the Ihlrd prana 01 Grubrr, "the .vallabilily 01
reali.Ue, luhililute vl.II.,lon an.ng....n" which will.dequalely 10..
ler an ongnin, rrlaliomhip between Ihe child and the non cuslodial
plI.nl." Grub" 400 P.. Super. .1 184 18S, Sa3 A.2d .1 439.
rresenll)', Dr. Alc.lndtor has his children on allemaling weekcnds
flom Frida)' eveninl 10 Sunday nening and on cach Wednesday
ovcrniahl lie pich up .nd transport. each child 10 school e".ry
day. It is ImOlediuI.'y .pp....nllb.1 . reloc.Uon 10 PilUborah would
.lImln.,.the d.ily .nd Wedoc.dat ov.rniahl cool..,U. It i. .1.0 quile
apparent lhal the children would be spendinB seven hours in a car
on lather's custodial weekend.. (NT. B.~I). By anyon.'s standilld.,
spendin, se~en hours on the renns)'l~ania Turnpike evcr)' other week+
.nd ..ill nUl be eaa.rly aoUcipaled by any 01 the panics, le..t 01 all
T.d .nd R.chel While h.lf oC this time would be .penl ..ilb Or.
Aleunder, il II not likely to be . OIe.oinaCul SUbSliIUI. for the prescnl
anan,emeot
We also fintl it disinlcnuous of Ms. Ber. 10 ,uUest that the
ItlUcUne or the children's rehuionship \\'ith their hlhcr ~lluld 001
challle .i,nirlCaolly IN T. A 2011 If the childn:o ..ere '0 become
lethe in utl'l curricular letivities (arts. dna.ma) in Pilllburlh, ii', .
safe hetthat many of tbesc would tat. place on ..eekend.. Any par.nl
"nmu thai as cflildrrn rtlCh their teenale )'ells they be-.in lu dC'\'e1up
Ihe! of their m"D Their sphere of friends and acti\'illC't necessarily
rewolve, around thtir school. church and home cummunit)'
Evenlhoulh their p....ts are di'orced, T.d and Rachel presently
Ihare the lime community with lIteir paren(S. A move to PiUsbur,h
nul only uprooI. them from their establi.bed mdtt bus .110 requ;,..
senin. aew roots from ...bicb they are nOf likely 10 ..Iftl to ItrlY on
....k.nd. They ..Ill be Iefl ..ith the uohal'l'Y prospect of .i..na up
muy ...teod acbvilits ..ilb their friends; fllber. to be . part of such
ardvitits, "'(JUJd hl\re to tome 10 Piusburah on luch wcd.ends
Whllt .11 ..I Ibis is or........ ""nible, the impractic.lily of II .11
mo.. he ..eiJhed .,ai... the he..ro" 10 be o\hcn"sc ,.iocd Crom lhe
moot '1Wlhilt the c..todi.1 par'lIl has the Ii,hllo m.te demoon.
tunctmin. hts Of htr 'ldtfare and the welflll: of the minot' chiJd,~n.
that parent ha. a rtlJ'Oftlihilif,. to.'.... the no't-t;Utlod'll parenf 10
maintaie the te-lllioMhip btt.~a the minot ch,~n lAd tht non-
custodial pareDl . 1''-_ ...,.,.. 409 P. Super. I( 152, ~91 A 1J
11106. Ilcro.Biti.. """ the be.. i........ 01. chiLI are c1...e1y hnk.d
..lib Iht intere... of . custodial par.... GroH' InllnlC1. us 10 btllllC.
lhi.11C1or .1""11I the .....1U.11n..,," of lhe chIld and the """ custodial
par... I. -aiBinl ., bealthy and 111.101 . rtl.II01lIhip .. ""niblc
1 ht I". ... this ._. " II> slClir",. the 1lUII <ullodi.1
"ar....s interest .. lolIlt .s pon"" un Ihr f~ of the
......"..,.., and uflcIl '......Uint i........ of . ......_
par- ..... ...h . "'- hf. ia .....,... ,,,,,,,apIlic:a1
h:_
I't...._ ..'" PI SlIpI'f 1I1!1. ~'l "2.1 111061........ ';,oh"
"".............""" /:....... .........w.......... .~....,l'f_i..
\-killI""'- "",,*Qt.,. ~ "- 1"CI'..........fl _.u R(lt
.....11 . -'. ... ~ . ,,*, ..... ....... '" ",.. IHI ""'_" h' tJt.
.....-6.01,...........,.... . w.r.... (;.""",. <<>>,. ~ .. !I' ~.
!II A;,j .. .... if........... ,""""", llU. <,_~. ....., Jv4,.
....l.f..n.,.'nl1....<jI"'. nl~>/'i<IIUNI \lIpI'f 1I11l1ll. ~ 1J
H In. i.... I ..._ .... <_ ..1.1 "'" the ...._.... '" . _..
(\ 1091 t Of' rubie_lions. .. ~ ,.......ed
tCCIWl~MOo.'t2,.'li<O
)lll )J
iJg73009
Pennsylvania Divorce and
Domestic Relations Reporter"
should nol he SBnHiccd solely In mainlaln weekly "hilation "where
rC3\onablc ahcrnath'c "isilation h Ivail.ble and ""ttft II" ll,lwm'"gtJ
,,/,hr nw,', lilt ,wbston'i,"," Clubrr, 400 PI. Super. 11186, S83 ^_2d
al HIl, quolina /)'Onof,/o (Emphltl. .upplledl.
In the prestol Clst, Ms, Befl's plan fur allemllive vi5i1ltion is
ror lonler holidlYllnd lonlcr summer "Icalions, l>r. Altuntler counl
en wilh the observatiun Ihal. "hile iI mlY be rouible In dnelup a
plan with equl..lenl hours, Ihe loss of d.i1y .nd weekly conl.cl,
coupled wllh the dri.lna lime, e.lscerates Ihe conlinuily 01 the .I.ill~
tion he now enjo)'s. We ISl'tt "lith the laucr conclusion
E.eo were we nollo side with Ilt Alu.nd..'. ch.llenle 10 the
ahernalt \I!sitalion Ichedule. we would ncvcrthtlc5I condude ~h
OerB has lailed 10 d.mon.tr.,e thaI .ny benelits 10 be 1.lo.d by lbe
move arc "compellin,:' "substantial" or "sllnificant."
When. cuslwi.1 parent seeb to ~loClte at .gcop_phi-
<AI dlst.nct . . . the custndial parcot hll the Inili.1 burdeo
of showin'lhl. the move it likely 10 si,niriclnlly im
pro'e lhe qualily of lif. lor th., pllent and lbe childteo.
G'ub", 400 r. Saper. .1 I a6. 583 A.2d ., 440, a<cord. GtJllraJ ".
Sclu,',:, n'pra
We lind i05lanlly th.1 M. Berl hlJ IlOl mel ber initial burden
of proof in Ihis Clse, As nuted earlie" hn desire to runut pOSI .radvllc
lraininl in archival manl,cn.ent at Ik Univcnil)' orriUsburlh,lIKtulh
rerhaps nolabsolutel)' ...himskal, is certainl)' not drhtn b)' CCOtM'lflUC
n<<ml'y ""ill 01 iotere" w.... the childml lr.du.le from hilh
5<1100110 . f.w yem, there .....Id the. be lime 10 pursue thlt rlCld I.
''''Inlerim.lhere i. cert.i.ly opportunit, fot the pili time employmenl
which M. B"l s<ch in the lIarrisbur. lie. ..hkh ..ould be I.
keepinl with her academic: aceo,nplilhmenlt A. fot the childre.. any
cullural ad.anl.les offered by the l'ittsboqh .... arc offse. by the
traum. 01 uprOOli.l them lrom thell friend., school and church to
..hich they h... 00" be<onoc ..ell accv.1omed We defer 10 I'"
opinioos 01 the ..pert. and the de.iles of the childtflt i. onItri..
mlinlcnance of the SlIIUl qllO.
I Rdncnu. tu the ItOIe1 of 1t'tUmna)' front .... II. 1996 (Iff) III "AN
tnfil;.bote from JuI)' I. 1996 c..-ry. ..... Jlftfil
J llr~ndInt alto 8," I PtUliua to Ta" fnttmon, of tot._ d~l.u till
Jul. to. ,_ .Ilklt "IS _ bJ Ohler '*4 Iuf, 16. 1996
, h .hnuld be ...... lMltM ...._ oIlht rIlihho ..... fully ........
it) llr Shin\"oW.fIu IM't .tdI 'a" tWW 01 ..... ....... kC....' 4N T
A 61 lte tlpwlwd I.'" ....In""""" fUll iht tfttliI1l (N T " 'I ") ""',
~fflenc:,p *11 ...., tt...... 't llt l"hofItdr)' (N T A 160)
, I~ "".............."' ~ Midoipo'" _ Ie t..._. ""'-_
tN! "'II.M. ....,............_..~tNT '11'
InJOII
OllffY ..lIlllT\'
Itt\I C_, ~ of C_ "'"'
,... I. booI) .. Scelt S. hi)
Nil 91 Uti tllIDI. .. ..." {\. I.J l&
On~""" U. I'"
........ ~ '-'d. I
XlU 3~
19.06
J7,07,OJ
Alimon,. Allmon, r.nd.n" 1./"
E,,,,6/1.hm.nl al,~uppar/ Ordm, E.rnin,r or
Earn/n, ('..,.dl1, liarn/n,s 01 r.,"
SUMMARY
The Derks Counl)' (nUn aflntcd hu~band'l elteptions in pari 10 Ihe
mUler's child .uPl'orl.nd API.. The master recommended SJ,lXX100
per monlh in Arl.. bUI direcled Ihll Ihe child ,up(l<lf1 claim be held
In .heyance due the .,. of dIe majllrily or the youn,eS! child. The
Court lirst lound Ihal the muler did 00<< err in ......in. wile. $ 17500
,,"'cd.!)' eamin, capacil)', due Co her I.C. work eJ;pc:rience and hcr
lnahilily 10 lind . more luc"li.e job. While hu.band lestilied to .
deere.1e in income,lhc loort found ahal even in the light most fa\lOf'
.ble 10 wile, the re.onuneoded API. w.. cooli.calory .nd more than
4~ ofhu.b.nd'. net Accordingly. the CoUrt .dju.ted the liaure .nd
.ntered .0 IIlder lor Art.
ArPEARANCES:
Boccabell.. lohn A. ~ Ill. plaintiff
Ilimilriou, EmmlOu.11I . for defendanl
OplDloos
S(lIMFJII.. I
Thi. m.nu come. before the Coun on Ilefendaot's Exception.
10 the I'iodinl' of Fact, C_lu.ion. 01 I.a... .nd Recommendatlon of
the Oume.ri< Relation. llearin. OffICer. Plaintiff filed . campi....
lot child and spou.a1 'uppor1 on Au,uII 4, 1993 ...hich had .nached
. copy of Plaintiff. di.orce tompl.IAI whkh hlcluded . coon. f",
.limony and .limon, pende... Ii.. On luuary 26, 199~ the OomtSlIC
Relation. llearinl OffICer filed his report and recommendation on the
M.iolilr. requelll..r a1imon, pendente hte (AM) The lIeari., Offi
eel ISIrihUltd 10 the Mlittllff an ..mil\l eapacit, 01 $175 00 per ....k.
.nd \0 the llehndant $J.4(J) 00 e..., 1..0 ....k! plu. . ,...1, bonus
in amouOIl ,."inl I..... $I0.1n) lJ:llo $20,1100 00 II .... ,<com
......... thll the Mli.till tetei,e $J.ooo 00 per .......... API. plv.
S2~OO per .......... on an..... effer,;.e Av.u" 12. I99J and that
1tlloc Plaintiffs claim f", child.v",,"" Is IItId in aIoc,1IICt ...IIbou'
rnjvdi... to tither ".", "
1''''' n.r.odant Ii"d..,~tp....s 10 the m_ on hm
11,6. 1995 A'.ttlftenl OR the tl<r:phMt _'1:t tOfttiRuN 11 the pMlic'I
",..re IIItft""'.'" I wulmwat. hut the,.,u.. I,," e*ftd. CUlt,,",
".-....Of I... $u......ion of Surr<>I1 'loder and C......ullion 01 At
,tI'.. ..hi<h.....ldr.ltbllthe IlIft'<lrl'- elf<<.;.e A.....SI U, I"J
f,.. S urn no per ......'" I... S"",,WI of dte PIa....iff ... ............
It of... ..... '" 1Ii..",... "'.. n. I.., I. tbII .... ,...... "'" NlIJl4Ul
"........... ........ .... a1i_, hi hr paiol dIIectIy ... the ".,....It
1M C-Wtll A.-_ al... .....Idr.l ",. tilt 11... I.. ...,_ ...
_.. of U5ll1ll pt. ........ .... c__"'.. .., ",. .., .....
It~ \Om Ii> hr .."1_4 r-- It! .. fa......... ... "'"
r....... '" r..t.l-__... of I.. ....1I"'~""4JJ...1II of....
~1Iil: II....... Ilttti40t llln... "Il . '--a '" lit w\,.....
lotf>.. .... I......... !'tift W So "-hI - ." . """'.......... ..""
,-...-I. II .... ......., tbII .... _ ..oo.1oi ""....-........ C.-
.... ....It of 1<1.. ,,_ .... l*'), .ltlt ... ..... .,_ 1""_
_Ii f.... n","","",d ,,~ ~ ~~Ill-..! u.m.ata dIttit .... led
n..- Ud 1\,,,,.. 11."" ""'I ... ...... ... _. ... . sot .......... ..
----...--...........----.
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JOSEPH J. HIXSON, IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF
Plaintiff CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
.
.
v. CIVIL ACTION - LAW
. NO. 97-3922 CIVIL TERM
.
KRISTIN N. HIXSON,
Defendant . CUSTODY OF MINOR CHILDREN
.
DEFENDANT'S PRE-HEARING MEMORANDUM
AND NOW, comes Kristin N. Hixson, Defendant in the above
captioned action by her attorneys, Snelbaker, Brenneman & Spare,
P. C., and files this Memorandum in preparation for the hearing
scheduled for March 2, 1998. The hearing is being held to
resolve the issues presented in Defendant's Petition For
Modification of CUstody Order filed January 15, 1998 and
Plaintiff's Answer thereto.
BACKGROUND
The parties are the parents of two children, Janell (DOB
2/19/90) and Joseph, II (DOB 5/9/93). The parties separated in
August of 1996 whereupon the children resided with Mother in
Mechanicsburg during the 1996 - 1997 school year. During the
summer of 1997, the children resided primarily with Father in
the marital home in Shippensburq. Each parent enjoyed partial
I physical custody of the children during alternating weekends and
Ij approximately one day each week during the other parent'. period
I of primary custody.
I In July of 1991, Father filed a Cosplaint in CUstody
ij
!i
H
!:i
"
;i
','-" - -....\
<';"'.. .i,.'.,...
l"hi ..'~..\"""
:~ <......"',
sp.eking a shared custody arrangement. On August 14, 1997 a
Conciliation Conference was held which resulted in an agreement
as set forth in an August 19, 1997 Order of Court. The Order
provided "physical custody of the minor children shall be
handled as the parties have been since their separation." The
Order also provided "upon Father relocating from Shippensburg to
a home within ten miles of the center of Mechanicsburg, physical
custody shall be modified such that the parties shall alternate
physical custody of the minor children on a week to week basis."
In November of 1997, the parties agreed to a shared custody
arrangement whereby each party would have primary physical
custody for a two-week time period. In mid-December, 1997,
Mother was notified that her employer, Habets Trading is
relocating its Mechanicsburg office to Kennett square, Chester
county, Pennsylvania effective March, 1998.
On January 15, 1998, Mother filed a Petition for
Modification of Custody Order in an effort to relocate to
Kennett square, Pennsylvania. A hearing is scheduled for March
2, 1998 to resolve the issues raised in the Petition and the
Answer thereto.
LIST OF WITNESSES
II
II As of the tillle of the filing of this Melllorandum, Kristin N.
II Hixson and her counsel intend to call the followinq witnesses at
Ii
1\ the hearlnq. reservlnq the right to .edify the list as necessary
H
Ii
il
~;
H
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JOSEPH J. HIXSON,
Plaintiff
: IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF
CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
vs.
CIVIL ACTION - LAW
KRISTIN N. HIXSON,
Defendant
NO. 97-3922 CIVIL TERM
CUSTODY OF MINOR CHILDREN
DEFENDANT'S PRE-HEARING MEMORANDUM OF LAW
This Memorandum is submitted in support of Defendant's
Petition for Modification of Custody Order filed on or about
January 15, 1998. Defendant, Kristin N. Hixson, is seeking to
relocate to Kennett Square, Chester County, Pennsylvania as
primary caretaker of the children. In or about mid-December,
1997, Mother was notified that her employer, Habets Trading USA,
is relocating its Mechanicsburg office to Kennett Square.
It is Mother's position that the proposed move is likely to
significantly improve the quality of life for her and the
children. Mother is not moving for whimsical or vindictive
reasons. Evidence will be presented indicating that Father's
motives as to opposing the relocation are suspect. There are
realistic, substitute custody arrangements which will adequately
foster an on-going relationship between the children and their
Father. Mother's proposed relocation would result in Father
jhavinq primary physical custody of the children during the summer
I
~months, on alternating weekends and many holidays and school
~vacation periods.
u
~ Several points raised in Plaintiff'. Meaorandu. of Law dated
"ebfUary 25, 199. need to be addressed. First, unpublished
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memorandum opinions of the Pennsylvania Superior Court should not
be cited by a court or by the parties. Commonwealth v. Swinson,
426 Pa. Super. 167, 172-73 n. 7, 626 A.2d 627, 629, n. 7 (1993).
(An unpublished memorandum opinion cannot be relied upon nor
cited for any precedential value), Commonwealth v. Dennis, 421
Pa. Super. 600, 618 A.2d 972 (1972). (An unpublished memorandum
opinion of the superior Court cannot be considered precedent and
cannot be cited by the parties to an action for any purpose).
Exceptions to this rule for "law of the case", res judicata or
collateral estoppel are not applicable to the situation at bar.
Thus, the Superior Court Memorandum opinion of Alexander v. Berq
(No. 60027 Harrisburg 1997, is improperly cited and cannot be
used or relied upon by this Court or by opposing counsel.
Second, Plaintiff's Memorandum of Law provides: "In a
footnote, the Gruber court expressly stated that it was n2t
addressing the situation in which the parents share physical
custody, with each having an equal amount of time with the child.
400 Pa. Super. at 182, 583 A.2d at 438 (footnote 6)."
Plaintiff's Memorandum of Law at page 2. Footnote 6 from the
case provides, in full: "We do not address the situation
lin which the parents share physical custody of the child and each
lias an equal amount of time with the child. However, where
l~ppropriate, the standards set forth as to relocation as advanced
~ln this opinion should apply.- It is .uqqe.ted that the
~standardS set forth in ~Rlr and ita proqeny should apply to the
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'lsituatiOn at bar.
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Third, the case of Gancas v. Schultz, 453 Pa. Super. 324,
683 A.2d 1207 (1996), is an example of one of the Gruber progeny
cases where the parties had shared physical custody of the child
for long periods of time prior to the relocation hearing. In
Gancas the parties executed a shared custody agreement in
September of 1992. Then mother requested a custody conciliation
in March of 1993 because she believed the shared custody
situation was too stressful. The Court kept the shared
arrangement in place because mother was considering relocating.
In May of 1994, the father agreed to relinquish primary physical
custody to the mother. In June of 1994, the mother was engaged
to be married and became pregnant. In November of 1994, the
mother sought relocation and the Court reinstituted the shared
custody arrangement. In light of the significant periods of
primary physical custody, the Court still applied the same
factors as discussed in the Gruber v. Gruber, 400 Pa. Super. 174,
583 A.2d 434 (1990) case. The Gancas court applied the factors
and reversed the trial court's decision which had granted primary
physical custody of the parties' daughter to the Father and
~enied Mother permission to relocate with the child to New
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l~ers.y.
il This is a "classic relocation case" and should be decided
I~ccording to the factors as set forth in Gruber and its proqeny.
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i~s set forth in Cane.. v. Schultz the.. factors are:
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II In every relocation dispute. the Court must
consider the following interests.
The custodial parent's desire to exerclse autonoay
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over the basic decisions that will directly affect his
or her life and that of the children; a child's strong
interest in maintaining and developing a meaningful
relationship with the non-custodial parent; the
interest of the non-custodial parent in sharing in the
love and rearing the his or her children; and finally,
the state's interest in protecting the best interests
of the children. (Citations omitted). When faced with
the decision whether to permit a custodial parent to
relocate a geographical distance from the non-custodial
parent, a trial court must consider these factors:
1. The potential advantages of the proposed
move, economic or otherwise, and the likelihood
the move would improve substantially the quality
of life for the custodial parent and the children
and is not the result of a momentary whim on the
part of the custodial parenti
2. The integrity of the motives of both the
custodial and non-custodial parent in either
seeking the move or seeking to prevent it; and
3. The availability of realistic, substitute
visitation arrangements which will foster
adequately an on-going relationship between the
child and the non-custodial parent.
Gancas, 683 A.2d at 1210 (quoting White v. White,
437 Pa. Super. 446, 450, 650 A.2d 110, 113 (1994),
quoting Gruber v. Gruber, 583 A.2d at 438, 439.
Once these factors are applied to the evidence to be
presented at the hearing schedule for March 2, 1998, the
II fendent's request for lIodification of the custody order to
lallow her to relocate should be granted.
I Respectfully submitted,
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SHEL8AKER, BRENNEMAN' SPARE, P.C.
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Fa. supr... Ct. 1.0. 16~200
44 West MaIn street
Mecbanicaburq, FA 17055-0318
Teliltphon4n (111) 61)7-85:21
Attorney for DefendAnt
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~ FEfi ~ 5 1998
JOSEPH J. HIXSON,
Plaintiff
:IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF
:CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
.
.
V
:CIVIL ACTION - LAW
:
KRISTIN N. HIXSON,
Defendant
:NO: 97-3922 CIVIL TERM
: IN CUSTODY
Prior Judge: Edward E. Guido
CONCILIATION CONFERENCE SUMMARY REPORT
IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CUMBERLAND COUNTY CIVIL RULE OF PROCEDURE
1915.3-8(b), the undersigned Custody Conciliator submits the
following report:
1. The pertinent information pertaining to the children who are
the subject of this litigation is as follows:
Janell Brogan Hixson, born February 19, 1990, and Joseph J.
Hixson, II, born Hay 9, 1993.
2. A Conciliation Conference was held on February 19, 1998, with
the following individuals in attendance:
The Father, Joseph J. Hixson, with his counsel, Constance P.
Brunt, Esquire; and the Hother, Kristin N. Hixson, with her
counsel, Philip H. Spare, Esquire.
3. The parties were previously before the Conciliator in August
of 1997 at which time the parties agreed upon a shared legal
custody arrangement. Since that time, there is a dispute as
far as how custody was handled between the parties from August
through November of 1997. Hother suggests that she was the
primary custodian and Father suggests that from about
September the parties were alternating custody with the
children either on a week or two week basis. The parties
agreed that there has been an alternating week custody
arrangement between them since approximately November 1997.
4. Mother i. employed with a company named Habets Trading. The
cOlllpany is relocating to Kennett Square. Mother ha. an
employment position with the cOlllpany which she values and she
has been oifered the opportunity to relocate with the cOIIIpany
to Kennett Square. Hother desires to take the children with
her having primary custody. Father resists Hother's requests
and Father believes he should have primary custody and the
children should rltl/lain in the Cumberland County area ",ith him.
5. fhis is a classic relocation case. fhe partie. were unable to
agree at the Conciliation Conference. However, it is clear
that the p..rtiu do ..<}ne that in the event the Mother
relocates out of the county prior to the end of the present
school ,.ar. the children c.an remain in Cumberland County ",ith
0!J~EB 2 5 1998
JOSEPH J. HIXSON,
Plaintiff
:IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF
:CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
.
.
V
:CIVIL ACTION - LAW
.
.
KRISTIN N. HIXSON,
Defendant
:NO: 97-3922 CIVIL TERM
:IN CUSTODY
Prior Judge: Edward E. Guido
CONCILIATION CONFERENCE SUMMARY REPORT
IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CUMBERLAND COUNTY CIVIL RULE OF PROCEDURE
1915.3-8(b), the undersigned Custody Conciliator submits the
following report:
1. The pertinent information pertaining to the children who are
the subject of this litigation is as follows:
Janell Brogan Hixson, born February 19, 1990, and Joseph J.
Hixson, II, born May 9, 1993.
2. A Conciliation Conference was held on February 19, 1998, with
the following individuals in attendance:
The Father, Joseph J. Hixson, with his counsel, Constance P.
Brunt, Esquire; and the Mother, Kristin N. Hixson, with her
counsel, Philip H. Spare, Esquire.
3. The parties were previously before the Conciliator in August
of 1997 at which time the parties agreed upon a shared legal
custody arrangement. Since that time, there is a dispute as
far as how custody was handled between the parties from August
through November of 1997. Mother suggests that she was the
primary custodian and Father suggests that from about
September the parties were alt:ernating custody with the
children either on a week or two week basis. The parties
agreed that there has been an alternating week custody
arrangement between them since approximately November 1997.
4. Hother is employed with a company named Habets Trading. The
company is relocating to Kennett Square. Hother has an
employment position with the company which she values and she
has been offered the opportunity to relocate with the company
to Kennett Square. Hother desires to take the children with
her having primary custody. Father resists Hother's requests
and Father believes he should have primary custody and the
children should remain in the Cumberland County area with him.
~. This i. . classic relocation case. The partie. were unable to
agree at the Conciliation Conference. However, it i. clear
that the parties do agree that in the event the Hother
relocates out ot the county prior to the end of the present
school ,.ar. the children can re-.in in Cumberland County with
Ifi} "EB 2 5 '99~
JOSEPH J. HIXSON,
Plaintiff
:IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF
:CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
:
V
:CIVIL ACTION - LAW
:
KRISTIN N. HIXSON,
Defendant
:NO: 97-3922 CIVIL TERM
: IN CUSTODY
Prior Judge: Edward E. Guido
CONCILIATION CONFERENCE SUMMARY REPORT
IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CUMBERLAND COUNTY CIVIL RULE OF PROCEDURE
1915.3-8(b}, the undersigned Custody Conciliator submits the
following report:
1. The pertinent information pertaining to the children who are
the subject of this litigation is as follows:
Janell Brogan Hixson, born February 19, 1990, and Joseph J.
Hixson, II, born May 9, 1993.
2. A Conciliation Conference was held on February 19, 1998, with
the following individuals in attendance:
The Father, Joseph J. Hixson, with his counsel, Constance P.
Brunt, Esquire; and the Mother, Kristin N. Hixson, with her
counsel, Philip H. Spare, Esquire.
3. The parties were previously before the Conciliator in August
of 1997 at which time the parties agreed upon a shared legal
custody arrangement. Since that time, there is a dispute as
far as how custody was handled between the parties from August
through November of 1997. Mother suggests that she was the
primary custodian and Father suggests that from about
September the parties were alternating custody with the
children either on a week or two week basis. The parties
agreed that there has been an alternating week custody
arrangement between them since approximately November 1997.
4. Hother is employed with a company named Habets Trading. The
company is relocating to Kennett Square. Mother has an
employment position with the company which she values and she
has been offered the opportunity to relocate with the company
to Kennett Square. Mother desires to take the children with
her having primary custody. Father resists Hother's requests
and Father believes he should have primary custody and the
children should remain in the Cumberland County area with him.
S. fhi. i. a classic relocation case. The parties were unable to
agree at the Conciliation Conference. However, it i. clear
that the parties do aqree that in the event the Hother
relocate. out ot the county prior to the end of the present
school year, the chIldren can rem.,n in CuMberland County WIth
could have made the necessary arrangements for living
accommodations in the five-week period since she learned of the
intended move.
6. It is specifically denied that there are no exigent
circumstances requiring a hearing on March 2, 1998. By way of
further answer, the Defendant's intention to move and her
statements to the minor children that they will be moving with
her to Chester County has caused the children much distress and
consternation. Further, there are various activities and plans
which need to be made, including, specifically, the enrollment of
the children in various extra-curricular and summer activities,
summer daycare arrangements, and enrollment of the youngest child
in kindergarten for the fall of 1998, all of which depend upon
the outcome of the Petition For Modification Of CUstody Order.
The disagreement between the parties as to whether it is in the
best interests of the children to move to Chester County or to
remain in Cumberland County with their father has caused a great
amount of tension and discord between the parties, which is
adversely affecting the children. Plaintiff therefore believes
that it is in the best Interests ot the chl1dren and of both
parties to have this lssued resolved as expeditiously as
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possible, so that the parties may plan for themselves and the
children accordingly.
7. It is admitted that the continuance of the March 2,
1998, hearing would allow the Defendant time to make all of the
arrangements for relocation which she should have been making all
along. If the Defendant felt that her proposed move was not
definite and that she would not be prepared to address the issues
of living accommodations and plans for the children in the
Kennett Square area, she should not have filed her Petition For
Modification Of Custody Order when she did five weeks ago.
Further, the Plaintiff believes and avers that the determination
of whether the children will be relocating to Kennett Square with
the Defendant would determine the type of living accommodations
that the Defendant would require, as well as having an impact on
the precise location of her residence. Plaintiff therefore
believes that it would be appropriate to have this issue resolved
so that the Defendant can make arrangements based upon what the
actual circumstances will be,
8. While it 18 admitted th,~t a continuance would permit
both parties to expenence the travel and exchange of the
children on a temporary basis. the Plalntiff believes that such
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experience would be irrelevant to the Court's determination of
the custody arrangements. If the Defendant does relocate to the
Chester County area, the travel and exchange of the children will
be required regardless of which party has primary custody.
9. It is denied that a continuance would provide the
Plaintiff with a better opportunity to present full and complete
evidence to this Court regarding the relocation issue. On the
contrary, the Plaintiff is fully prepared to go forward with the
hearing on the relocation issue and believes that all of the
pertinent evidence relevant to the Court's determination will be
available for presentation to the Court on March 2, 1998.
Plaintiff believes that the Defendant seeks this continuance only
because she is not prepared for the hearing, which she herself
sought by the filing of her Petition For Modification Of CUstody
Order alleging that her relocation would take place in March,
1998, and requesting an expeditious hearing and resolution of the
issue of primary custody. Plaintiff believes that the
continuance is sought solely for the purpose of allowing the
Defendant to attempt to stnmgthen het. case.
10, It HI Sp4i'c1tlcally d.mled that the Plaintiff would not
I::-e prejudic4i'd by the qr."lnt 1119 of tht:' cont inuance. On the
~
contrary, the Plaintiff is fully prepared to go forward with the
hearing on March 2, 1998, and has expended significant effort and
counsel fees in preparation for the hearing on that date. If the
case were continued for sixty (60) days, much of the work already
performed by counsel would have to be updated and redone,
including the subpoenaing of various witnesses. Because one of
the witnesses subpoenaed to appear on March 2, 1998, is the
Defendant's boss and paramour, who will also be relocating to
Chester County, Plaintiff would incur significant expense in
being required to hire a local process server in Chester County
to serve the subpoena on this witness for the continued hearing.
Further, Plaintiff believes that the delay in the resolution of
thlS issue will only continue and exacerbate the tension and
discord between the parties, which is adversely affecting the
minor children.
11. Admitted. By way of further answer, it is averred that
Attorney Brunt declined to agree to Defendant's request for a
continuance for the reasons set forth herein.
WHEREFORE. Plaint H 1. ,TOSEI'II J. HIXSON. res~ctfully
requests this Honorable Court to deny the Mot ion For Continu.:mce
(\
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I, CONSTANCE P. BRUNT, ESQUIRE, do hereby certify that on
the 23th day of February, 1998, I served a true and correct copy
of the foregoing plaintiff's Answer To Motion For Continuance by
facsimile transmission at 697-7681 and also by depositing same in
the United States Mail, first-class postage prepaid, at
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, addressed as follows:
PHILIP H. SPARE, ESQUIRE
Snelbaker, Brenneman & Spare
44 West Main Street
Mechanicsburg, PA 17055
(717) 697-8528
Attorney for Defendant
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CONSTANCE P. BRUNT, ESQUIRE
Supreme Court 1.0. No. 29933
2941 North Front Street
Harrisburg, PA 17110
(111\ 232-1200
Attorney for Plaintiff
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could have made the necessary arr'1ngementfl for living
'1ccommodations in the five-week period since she learned of the
intended move,
1;. It is specifically denied that there are no pxigent
circumstances rpquiring a hear'ing on March /., 1998, By way of
further answer, the Defendant's intpntion to move and her
statpments to the minor childrpn that they wi 11 01" moving with
her to Chester County has caused the childrE'n much distress and
consternation. Further, there an' v,~riollS act ivities and plans
which need to 01' made, including, flpE'cifically, the enr'oIlment of
the children in variolls pxtra-curricular ,~nd summpr activities,
slimmer daycare arrangements, and enrollment ot the youngest child
in kindergarten for' the fall of 1998, all ot which depend upon
tit.. outcome of the I'l"t it ion For' M(,di ficat ion Of l"1I!'ltody OrdeL
Thp (lisagreE'rm>nt betw..."'n thl" patt i"R a!cl 10 whetlt"" it is in the
bl"st inter"':'!ls of thf' chllrh('n tf' mnv... tn I'h"'fll"!' COllnty Ot' to
l"'ll~'in in C'lImp,..,lilnd !','unlY with Ihntl falh",' It"l' !""used a (UfO,lt
,'....lUllt of t"'nsiNI alld ,lil'lr'onl t"'lw"f'n I he 1"" I if'S, which ill
,~<lv"'nl"ly ,'fff'ctlnq Ih.. "hilrhf'11. I'L'inllff Ih""...fnl" 1'..li"'''''8
..",t it L' in the b..!'1t int...,"sl,. of tll.. .-Iii 1>1"'11 .'I\t! of h:'lh
1',Ulles tn h.,,,,.. Ihis j"'RUN' ,,,,.nlv"d .~R "lll''''lit inul'lly M'
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possible. so that the parties may plan for themselves and the
children accordingly,
7. It is admitted that the continuance of the March 2.
199B, hearing would allow the Defendant time to make all of the
arrangements for relocation which Rhe should 1Ji'lVe been making all
along. If the Defendant felt that her proposE'd move was not
definite and that she would not b.. prepared to address the issues
of 1 i ving accommodat ions and plan8 for t h.. childnm in 1 he
Kennett Square area, she should not have filed her Petition For
Modificat ion Of Custody Onl",r when shE' did fivE' weeks ago.
Further. the Plaintiff believes and avers that the determination
of whether the children will be relocating to Kennett Square with
the Defendant would detE'rmine the t,'Pe of 1 iving accommodations
that thE' Dpfendant would requitp. <11" w..ll .11'1 havinq ;m impact on
the precis.. l()("ation of her 1efli<lel1<""'. 1'1.1inliff therE'forE'
b",!ieves that it would be appropnate to hil\le this issue resolved
!'l0 t hilt 1 h" [)eC"mhnl e,1n 01,11<:.. .1n'angO?l11Pnt!'l l'iI!'led upon whJ\1 thE'
"el.n 1 c i rnlm!'ll ane"'" 10' ill b...
A, Whi II" it i8 "dmit IPd t lut ., .....mt inu;\lw" wo.tld I"!'llllit
1"'1 h Ivn t i "",," t 0 ..lt~r l..ne.. t h.. t r ,'Vl"t "'It 1 ..ltrhM"lf' o( t h..
duldrt'n on " t"'lllpOfary 1>.1I1i8. t.h.. PlalnUff belipvpl'l th.lt !'lIldl
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experience would be il-relevant to the Court' B determination of
the custody at"rangements, 1ft he Defendant does relocate to the
Chester County area, the tr;wel and exchange of the children will
be required regardless of which party has primary custody.
9. It is denied that a continuance would provide the
Plaintiff with a better opportunity to preRent full and complete
evidence to this Court regarding the relocation issue. On the
contrary, the Plaintiff is fully prepared to go forwar'd with the
hearing on the relocation issue and believes that all of the
pertinent evidence n-lt>vant to the ('OUlt'R rt..tt>r'mination will be
available for prespntation to the COIlt't on H,uch ~, 1998.
Plaintiff bt>liev..s that the Defendant sf'eks this continuance only
b€'cause she is not prepared for the hearing, which she herself
sought by the filing of her r..titiol1 For Modification Of Custody
Order alleqing that h..r r",loeat 1011 would lak'" place in Hilrch,
199A, imd requ"sIinq iUl pXI'Nhl 101m h",uinq i'llld r..sollltion of the
iSSIl!!' of pr'!lMry clIstndy. rlainUH beli"vNl Ilv,t th..
nmttl1uance is I'ollght SQl...1y fot Ih.. pmpt.'fl.. of .'lllowing tn..
1)oof..n<l.\I'11 to ;,U"'lSIf't to al u'r\Qtht!'l'I 11.., r'.:H'!".
\t), It 18 "f""('Hj(',\lly ,l,,"i"''' tin I In.. f'1'tntiff """ltI'l lIot
t... l'I"IIl,H,....i by "I'" '1'.'11111\'1 "f II;'" "I'll! 111\1'11".... nil Ill'"
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contrary, the Plaintiff is fully prepared to go forward with the
hearing on M<lrch 2, 1998, and haR expended significanl: efforl: and
counsel fees in prep.'Iration for the hearing on that date, If the
case were continued for Elixty (60) dilYEl, much of the work illready
performed by counsel would have to be updated and redone,
including the subpoenaing of variouEl witnesses. Because one of
the witnesses subpoenaed to appear' on March 2, 1998, is the
Defendant's boss and paramour, who wi 11 also be relocating to
Chester County, Plaintiff would incur significant expense in
being required to hire a local process server in Chester County
to serve the subpoena on this witness for the continued hearing.
Further, Plaintiff believes that the delay in the resolution of
this issue will only continue and exitcerbate the tension and
diElcord between the partieF', which is adV!~rsely affecting the
mi nor children.
11. ^<imitted. fly way of further anowel', it iEl averred that
Attorney Brunt declined to ''I9Iee to l}(>fendM\t'R l-equest for a
rontinuance for th.. re,UlOl1fl set [bltl, h..,..1I1.
WH!REFOIlR, t'laintiff. ,1O,C;Ern ,J. HIX~ON, ll!'lll"!'ctfully
'Nl\H"lIlt'" thil!l "mmr.,bl... ('<>\l1't t., .tN')' t h.. Mot iOIl For t'ontinu"nce
f.
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JOSEPH J. HIXSON,
Plaintiff
IN THE COURT OF COMMO:! PLEAS OF
CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PEllNS'iLVANIA
v.
CIVIL ACTION - LAW
NO. 97-3922 CIVIL TEPJ.!
KRISTIN N. HIXSON,
Defendant
IN CUSTODY
ORDER
AND NOW, this /.5 vi day of C...//J/'IUI)/i... (
, 1998, upon
consideration of the ~ithin Petition for Modification of custody
Order. a hearing is scheduled for the J NJ day of
1998 at
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;J . M.
in Courtroom ~lo.
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Cu~berland County Courthouse, Carlisle, pennsYlvania.~
BY THE ~"
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JOSEPH J. HIXSON. IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF
, Plaint:iff CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PEW/SYLVANIA
I
v. CIVIL ACTION - LAW
. NO. 97-3922 CIVIL TEID1
.
KRISTIlI ~t. HIXSON, .
.
Defendant IN CUSTODY
PET!TION FOR MODIFICATION OF CUSTODY ORDER
AND NC\';, comes Kristin N. Hixson. by her attorneys.
Snelbaker. 9renneman & Spare. P. C., and requests modi:ication
of :he exis~:ng Custody Order based upon the following:
1. On Auaust 19. 1997 an Order of Court was entered in
thlS ;35e b, the Honorable Kevin A. Hess based upon an agreeme~t
,
,
i reached Jt 1 ccnciliation Conference.
I
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A true and cor=ec~ cop:
of said Jrder is attached hereto as Exhibit "A",
2. Slnce the separation of the parties in ~r about August,
l~~n, ~cther has enJoyed primary phYSlcal custody of the two
.;hllare!1, ':ano11 (DOB: 2/19/90) and Joseph. II (DOB: 519/92)
~ur:ng the school year.
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to the allegations set forth in Paragraph 9 of the Petition For
Modification Of Custody Order. The same is therefore
specifically denied and proof is demanded at trial.
10. After reasonable investigation, Plaintiff is
without knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief as
to the allegations set forth in Paragraph 10 of the Petition For
Modification Of Custody Order. The same is therefore
specifically denied and proof is demanded at trial. By way of
further answer, it is specifically denied that Defendant has been
the primary caretaker of the children. On the contrary, the
parties have enjoyed a shared physical custody role for some
time.
11. It is specifically denied that there would be any
advantages, economic or otherwise, for the children in relocating
to Kennett Square as proposed by the Defendant. After reasonable
investigation, Plaintiff is without knowledge or information
sufficient to form a belief as to the truth of any allegation of
advantages to the Defendant as a result of the proposed
relocation.
12. After reasonable investigation, Plaintiff is
without knowledge or informatlon sufficlent to form a belief as
to the truth of the allegations of Paragraph 12 of the Petition
For Modification Of CUstody Order, By W,l)' of further answer,
howevE> l' . it is averred t h~t .lny !n<.1ti vat ion by Defendant to
1
relocate based on economic factors and career opportunities is
self-serving and not in the best interests of the minor children.
13. It is specifically denied that Defendant's
relocation to Kennett Square with the children would not hinder
the Plaintiff's ongoing relationship with his children. On the
contrary, the Plaintiff has enjoyed a shared physical custody
schedule, whereby he has equal amounts of time with and
involvement in the care of the said children and at least equal
amounts of parental responsibility for the said children. Due to
the distance of the proposed move and the limitations on a
custody schedule by virtue of school schedules and work
schedules, a relocation would necessarily result in a
significantly reduced amount and frequency of contact between
Plaintiff and his children and would completely prevent his
continued maintenance of the very active and involved role he has
heretofore had in the children's lives.
14. No response is required.
COUNTERCLAIM
15. Plaintiff has enjoyed shared legal and shared
physical custody of his minor children, Janell Brogan Hixson
(D.O.B. 2/19/90) and Joseph J. Hixson, II (O.O.B. 5/9/931 since
the separation of the parties, initially on an informal basis and
since Order Of Court entered August 19, 1997, on it formal basls.
4
16. Shortly following the entry of the Order of August
19, 1997, the parties commenced sharing custody on an
alternating weekly basis. Since November, 1997, the parties have
been alternating two-week periods of custody.
17. At all times, Plaintiff has been actively involved
in the child care arrangements, school activities and homework,
and other aspects of the children's lives.
18. Plaintiff resides in Mechanicsburg, Cumberland
County, in the community where the children have resided for the
last 18 months since Defendant unilaterally relocated them from
the former marital home in Shippensburg in August, 1996.
19. The Defendant's proposed relocation of the
children again, this time to Kennett Square, would be extremely
disruptive to the children and would offer no advantages for
them.
20. It would be in the best interests of the children
to remain in Mechanicsburg, where they can continue to attend
their same schools and daycare arrangements with no disruption of
their schedules and surroundings.
21. In the event that D~tendant chooses to relocate to
Kennett Square or to some other loca1' 10n outside of
Mechanic!lbul'<}. Cumberland ('oun1')', prim.uy custody of the minor
5
VERIFICATION
I verify that the statements made in the foregoing
Answer And Counterclaim To petition For Modification Of Custody
are true and correct. I understand that false statements herein
are made subject to the penalties of 18 Pa.C.S. Section 4904,
relating to unsworn falsification to authorities.
DATED: ~/ttj7r
~~/?z:~.
~SEPH J IXSON. laintiff
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JOSEPH J. HIXSON,
Plaintiff
IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF
CUMBERLAND COUNTY,PENNSYLVANIA
v.
,
CIVIL ACTION - LAW
, NO. q7- 3922- CtVit. ~
KRISTIN N. HIXSON,
Defendant
.
.
IN CUSTODY
COMPLAINT FOR CUSTODY
AND NOW, comes the Plaintiff, JOSEPH J. HIXSON, by and
through his attorney, CONSTANCE P. BRUNT, ESQUIRE, and
respectfully represents as follows:
1. The Plaintiff is JOSEPH J. HIXSON, residing at 1110
Celeste Drive, Shippensburg, Franklin County, Pennsylvania 17257.
2. The Defendant is KRISTIN N, HIXSON, residing at 103
Green Street, Mechanicsburg. Cumberland County, Pennsylvania
17055.
3. The Plaintiff is seeking shared legal and shared
physical custody of the following children:
~
Residence
Aw:
Janel1 Bro<;!an lIiXf'on
1110 Celeste Driv\!!
Shippensburg, Pennsylvania
'1
,r,'jseph J. Ihxson, t I
1110 Celeste Drive
Shlppensburq. pennsylvanla
"
4. The relationship of Plaintiff, JOSEPH J. HIXSON. to
the children is that of natural father.
5. The relationship of Defendant. KRISTIN N. HIXSON.
to the children is that of natural mother.
6. The Plaintiff has not participated as a party or
witness, or in any other capacity, in other litigation concerning
the custody of the children in this or any other court.
Plaintiff has no information of a custody
proceeding concerning the custody of the said children pending in
a court of this Commonwealth or in any other jurisdiction.
Plaintiff does not know of a person not a party to
the proceedings who has physical custody of the children or
claims to have custody or visitation rights with respect to the
children.
7. The relief requested by plaintiff is in the best
interests of the children, because he is able to provide them
with a stable and wholesome home environment and has been
actively involved with their cat'e throughout their lives. He
believes that it 1S i!!'portant for the children to have
signa i.cant amounts of time with both p,lrents ,lnd avers that
then inten.sts Will be best sel'vf'd by Ml equally sh.uE'd phYlIlcal
custod,' .lrr'anqe~.ent .
)
8. Each parent whose parental rights of the children
have not been terminated and the person who has physical custody
of the children have been named as parties to this action.
WHEREFORE, Plaintiff requests the entry of an Order of Court
granting shared legal custody and shared physical custody of the
subject minor children to the parties.
DATED: r/J,/i7
Respectfully submitted,
A i/
:~.~~
CONSTANCE P. BRUNT, ESQUIRE
Supreme Court I.D. #29933
2941 North Front Street
Harrisburg, PA 17110
(7l7) 232-7200
Attorney for Plaintiff
.
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JOSEPH J. HIXSON,
Plaintiff
IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF
CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
v.
CIVIL ACTION - LAW
NO. 97-3922 CIVIL TERM
KRISTIN N. HIXSON,
Defendant
IN CUSTODY
ORDER
AND NOW, this \.- day of I \ , . Ii '. , 1998, upon
consideration of the attached Petition, it is hereby directed
that the parties and their respective counsel appear before
\ .\ j " . '~" ,,' j i ,6" Esquire, the conciliator, at
.r', ,,,,., 'I.,. " \\\' ,/..\\.(, Pennsylvania, on
the ,'<, day of \- \ , !,.', 1998, at I', o'clock -A-.M.
for a Pre-Hearing Custody Conference. At such conference, an
effort will be made to resolve the issues in dispute; or if this
cannot be accomplished, to define and narrow the issues to be
heard by the court, and to enter into a temporary order. All
children age five or older may also be present at the
conference. Failure to appear at the conference may provide
grounds for entry of a temporary or permanent order.
FOR THE COURT,
\ '
.; ;,.",.\ i, ".::. ',..':r\.\ (J}
. Custody tonciliator,~~\' .
The Court of Common Pleas of Cumberland County is required by
law to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.
For information about accessible facilities and reasonable
accommodations available to disabled individuals having business
before the court, please contact our office. All arrangements
must be made at least 72 hours prior to any hearing or business
before the court. You must attend the scheduled conference or
hearinq.
By:
I YOU SHOULD TAKE THIS PAPER TO YOUR LAWYER AT ONCE. IF YOU 00
II NOT HAVE A LAWYER OR CANNOT AfFORD ONE. GO TO OR TELEPHONE THE
II OFFICE SET FORTH BELOW TO F'lND OUT W1fERE YOU CAN GET LEGAL HELP.
I! OFfiCE OF THE COURT ADMINISTRATOR
,. COURTHOUSE. 4TH FlOOR
'I CARLISLE. PA 17011
I (117) 240-62QO
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11
H
~\Hl I 'j 1~97
JOSEPH J. HIXSON,
Plaintiff
:IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF
:CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
.
.
V
:CIVIL ACTION - LAW
.
.
KRISTIN N. HIXSON,
Defendant
:NO: 97-3922 CIVIL TERM
: IN CUSTODY
COURT ORDER
AND NOW, this ,qiJ.. day of August, 1997, upon consideration of the
attached Custody Conciliation Report, it is ordered and directed as
follows:
1. The Father, Joseph J. Hixson, and the Mother, Kristin N.
Hixson, shall enjoy shared legal custody of the minor
children, Janell Brogan Hixson, born February 19, 1990, and
Joseph J. Hixson, II, born May 9, 1993.
2. Physical custody of the minor children shall be handled as the
parties have been since their separation.
3. Upon Father relocating from Shippensburg to a home within ten
miles of the center of Mechanicsburg, physical custody shall
be modified such that the parties shall alternate physical
custody of the minor children on a week to week basis. unless
agreed otherwise by the parties, exchange of custody shall
take place on Friday afternoon of each week.
4. This Order is entered pursuant to an agreement reached by the
parties at a custody Conciliation Conference. The parties may
modify the custody arrangement as they may agree. Absent any
agreement, the parties may petition the Court to have the case
again scheduled with the Custody Conciliator if either party
desires to modify the existing Order.
at" TilE COURT,
I~I itll. (, )4.--
J.
cel Constance P. Brunt, EsqUIre
Philip H. Spdce, EsquIre
TRUE CQPY FROM RECORD
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JOSEPH J. HIXSON, . IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF
.
Plaintiff . CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
.
.
.
V.
KRISTIN N. HIXSON, CIVIL ACTION - LAW
Defendant . NO. 97-3922 CIVIL TERM
.
ORDER OF COURT
AND NOW, this 2nd day of March, 1998, after
hearinq and it appearing that another day's worth of testimony
at least is needed, this hearing is continued to Friday, May 1,
1998, at 9:00 a.m.
In the interim, this Court's order of August 19th,
1997, remains in effect. Provided, however, that in the event
mother moves her primary residence outside of the Mechanicsburq
School District, primary physical custody of the children shall
remain with father until further order of this Court. In said
event, mother shall be entitled to partial custody on
alternating weekends from Friday afternoon after school until
Sunday eveninq at a time to be agreed upon by the parties. The
parties will arranqe a mutually convenient location to
effectuate the transfer for periods of partial custody, it being
the understandinq of the Court that they will try to meet at a
halfway point.
By the Court,
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Edward E. Guido, J.
Con.tance P. Brunt, I.quire
For the Plaintiff
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Philip H. spare, Esquire
For the Defendant
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JOSEPH J. HIXSON, . IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF
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Plaintiff : CUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
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V. .
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KRISTIN N. HIXSON, . CIVIL ACTION - LAW
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Defendant NO. 97-3922 CIVIL TERM
IN RE: CUSTODY
ORDER OF COURT
AND NOW, this 1st day of May, 1998, after
hearing, it is ordered and directed as follows:
1. The mother, Kristin N. Hixson, and father, Joseph
J. Hixson, shall enjoy shared legal custody of the minor
children, Janell B. Hixson, born February 19, 1990, and Joseph
J. Hixson, II, born May 9, 1993.
2. Father shall have primary physical custody of said
children each year from the Wednesday prior to the start of the
school year until the Saturday after the end of the school year.
3. Mother shall have primary physical custody of said
children each year from the Saturday after the end of the school
year until the Wednesday prior to the start of the school year.
4. The non-custodial parent shall be entitled to
periods of partial custody each weekend from Friday evening
until Sunday evening and at such other ti.es as agreed upon by
the parties.
5. The parties shall share holidays as agreed upon.
It would be appropriate for mother to have extended periods of
visitation over the Thanksgi'linq and Christmas breaks. It would